The Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror was a devastating time in France. It was mainly caused by the struggle between the Jacobins and the Girondins. Inspired by the French Revolution, this struggle had been the cause of fear in France for everyone. The Reign of Terror had begun in 1793, when the Jacobins began to take power. Their leader, Maximilien Robespierre seized control of the government and tried to wipe out all traces of the old form of government. He had ruled France like a dictator. Thousands of people were executed during this time. No one was safe in France. Eventually, the people of France grew tired of living in fear, so a conspiracy was planned to overthrow Robespierre. On July 27, 1794, Robespierre was overthrown and executed.

The French Revolution

1. Many people in France were critical of the nobility because they had almost complete control over the peasants, did not have to pay taxes, did not have to perform military service, they were the only people that could hold important positions in society, and they lived in luxury in palaces while most people lived in poverty.
B) Many people were critical of the king because he ruled over the people with ABSOLUTE power and the many people didn't have a say in the government.
C) Many people were angry at the clergy because, like the nobles, they didn't have to pay taxes or perform military service, heavily taxed the peasants, and lived in luxury.

2. A peasant would have complained about having to do most of the work while the 1st and 2nd estates just watched them.

3. I think that the cartoonist is trying to show that the upper class needs to start pulling their own weight because they are being lazy and letting the lower class do all the work.

4. He describes the heavy taxes that the couple has to pay despite the fact that they don't have much for themselves.

5. They do expalin why the poor resented the rich because they show what the poor people had to go through to survive, while the rich didn't do much at all. For example, the clergy had made high yearly incomes, but barely had to pay taxes, while the lower classes had to pay taxes to them, and the goernment.

6. The lower class would be most influenced by his writing because they were being completely controlled by the clergy and the king and they didn't have a say in the government.

7. The rulers and the clergy would want it banned out of fear that they would be overthrown by the lower class.

John Locke and the Enlightenment

John Locke was one of the most famous thinkers of the Enlightenment. His ideas for a modern democracy had heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. One of the main ideas of the Declaration of Independence was that the people should have the right to vote who their leader should be, meaning that the government gets its power from the citizens. The Declaration of Indepedence also states that people have the right to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. The Government is supposed to defend these rights, but the Declaration of Independence also says that If the government becomes corrupt, or fails to protect these rights, that the citizens can overthrow it.

Copernicus and the Trial of Galileo

Before the Scientific Revolution, many people had believed in geocentrism, which states that the Earth is at the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies revolved around it. For centuries, this theory was left unchallenged by anyone. Then, in the 16th century, a man named Nicolaus Copernicus presented the first modern theory of Heliocentrism to the scientific community.
One man in particular had strongly supported this theory. That man was Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. He firmly believed in Copernicus' theory and had published a book known as the Dialouge, which explained the Heliocentric theory. However, the Church had a different view of how things were. They firmly believed that that earth was at the center of the universe, and that the sun, moon, and planets revolved around it. The church did not want to change the ideas that had been shown for centuries, so on February 13, 1633, Galieo stood trial for going up against the church's teachings. This was a fight he couldn't win. The merits of the case had already been decided. There was nothing he could do. He had been sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life.

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is the process that people use to solve a problem or experiment. There are 5 main parts to the scientific method. The first is the problem that you are trying to solve. Then you have to make observations. Next is the hypothesis. The hypothesis is basically what you think will happen during the experiment. After the hypothesis comes the actual experiment to test the hypothesis. The experiment would contain different tests and procedures to test the hypothesis. Depending on what the results were, the experiment can prove or disprove a hypothesis. The final results of the experiment are the conclusion.

Example: An experiment to see how different materials effect plants would use the scientific method.

Evolution vs. Creation

Evolution


Charles Darwin was the first man to propose the modern theory of evolution. He believed that all life originated from common ancestors, which were slowly making changes over time. Darwin believed in natural selection, meaning that he believed that random mutations occur in an organism, and the mutations that are beneficial to the organism are preserved and passed on to the next generation. Over time, the organisms with the inferior traits would die out because they would be unable to survive.

Creationism


Creationism is the religious belief that all life was created by an all powerful god or deity. The god's existence in the world is presupposed. Creationism is usually based on the first book of the Old Testament, with states that God created the Earth and all the life on it. There are many religions that believe in creation.

I personally belive in creation. I believe in creation because it was the way I was raised. My family and I are Jehovah's Witness. Jehovah is the name of God. Jehovah created the Earth and mankind as well.

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